Ethical Analysis Prudence and Morality

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Analysis for Prudence and Morality. Answer: Introduction: The importance of making an ethical decision, in crucial times becomes very difficult. Nevertheless, often tempted by the present situation, or in order to survive in the present moment, an individual resorts to a morally wrong course of action. As an Application Manager working on a project, I have also been compelled to resort to an ethically unjust course of action. While working on a project with the help of a leading edge technology, I have encountered a serious problem in finishing off with my work in a given point. Since the project has been using a time consuming technology, I have been unable to complete or even make a slight progress in the implementation of the project. However, I have not been able to communicate the technical problems to the senior management system, and consequently they had been unaware of the progress despite the fact that the senior management had kept on funding the project despite the lack of progress. Further, while the senior management asked us to explain the progress in written form, left with almost no alternative, I deemed it right to present a set of predetermined results to the management authority. Though this was a deceitful step, the senior management was unable to identify the misrepresented facts, and kept on funding. However, I intend to conduct an ethical analysis of the action perpetrated by me to determine my future course of action. Given the specific situation, I have perpetrated an action that cannot be regarded to be morally correct. The first fact that proves this is that I kept on deceiving the senior management authority, by pretending that I had been working on the project, as a result of which I kept on receiving funds. However, what was even morally worse is that despite being asked in person about the progress of the project, I held back the fact that the progress of the project had remained on a halt. However, an important fact that should be noted here is that this would have required me to contradict the project manager, I am currently working under, and this might result in the loss of my employment as well. As far as the issues are concerned, I had perpetrated an action that has involved the deceit of a group of people, and I had manipulated my way to remain good in the eyes of the management authority. I have lied and pretended that I have made remarkable progress in my projects though I have not done the same. However, Socrates does not consider any action to be ethically wrong because it is traditionally considered to be wrong by the majority, but rather has put forward the distinctive Socratian thought (Gasper 2016). Challenging the commonplace ideas about what a right action constitutes, Socrates put forward that it is important for a perpetrator to have self-confidence in his course of action, and to scrutinize its impact on the society in a detached way. Hence, the point is the goodness of an action cannot be simply determined by commonplace, socially constructed terms like pretension, lies and deceit (Berman 2014). Though I may have lied, my purpose has never been to deceive the management authority. Rather, owing to the technical problems, my project was delayed. Of course, the point still remains that I could have informed them about the lack of progress, but yet I was directed by my Project Manager to write the program, writing about the success of the technology. I did not deem it right to oppose my Project Manager, and hence I chose it right to keep myself quiet. However, if I have to consider what Confucius said I cannot justify my action. According to the Confucian philosophy, to see what is right, and yet not choosing the right path, is a moral flaw that exhibits lack of courage and sheer hypocrisy. Hence, I should have told my Project Manager that it is ethically a wrong choice to misrepresent facts to the senior management authority (Kuo 2014). It is also important to find out the people or the party who would get affected by my action. First of all, the senior management authority will be primarily affected by the action, as they have been deceived to believe that the project has made remarkable progress. Hence, though they have funded and are continuing to fund the project, their financial investment is not likely to bring about any change in the completion of my project. As a result, the senior management authority would suffer from a financial loss, without the project bringing them any concrete benefit. The stakeholders of the company would also suffer from a potential loss in case we are unable to complete the project within the given time (Hudson 2016). However, though primarily the management authority would get affected, it is undeniable that I as well as my project manager will also get affected gradually. In case we are unable to complete the project within the given time, we will be questioned and might be accus ed of having misrepresented facts, leading to a huge penalty, such as suspension or even termination of service. The ethical implications of the action perpetrated by me are complex and multiple. As far as I am concerned, I had very limited ethical choices to make my decision from. In case I would have taken the path of honesty and integrity, telling every problem to the senior managers, my project manager might have been disgruntled by my action. On the other hand, lying to my senior management is also an ethically wrong option as well. However, my action can be justified in terms of Aristotelian theory of Virtue Ethics. According to Aristotle, an action can be defined to be virtuous if it is done in the right way for the right goal. In other words, a virtuous person may fail terribly if he merely tries to show his courage by speaking up the right thing in a wrong situation (Yu 2013). For instance, if I would have told my senior managers that owing to the adoption of a time-consuming technology, our project implementation is being delayed, I might just get myself in trouble. This is because my senior managers might not have any confidence in my expertise, and further this might also upset my project manager, as he would have expected me to conform to his decision. Hence, if the Aristotelian theory of virtue ethics is to be considered, my action can be justified as an ethically correct option. This is because the right action is the mid-point between extremes. Virtue consists of telling what needs to be told, that what can be told (Kenny 2016). Hence, it is an ethical choice to remain quiet about the technical problems for the time-being, as we have not deceived anyone with the purpose of robbing their money. Our project team has tried and will try to complete the project within the given time. In the mean time, the exposure of facts would have ruined the situation, by creating an atmosphere of confusion and distrust. However, again if I have to consider the moral theory of Confucius, my point action can be regarded to be morally unethical. According to Confucius theory, a virtuous person is he, who first tries to overcome his problems, and later he reflects about his success. However, in my case I considered my career first, and realizing that speaking the truth might offend my senior managers as well as my project manager, I considered it right to keep quiet about the entire situation (Cooper 2015). However, I should have prioritized my obligation towards the company I am working for, instead of trying to save my day. Again, my action can also be justified to be an ethical one, if I am to consider the definition of morality as put forward by Machiavelli. According to Machiavelli, an action is not defined as virtuous if it consists of actions that are considered to be necessarily good, but rather an action that exhibits the political skill of an individual in his ability to avoid problems is defined to be virtuous (Machiavelli 2016). Seen in the light of this definition, it would have been ethically objectionable for me to state the true facts blatantly to the senior managers, as it would not only threat my job stability, but is also likely to disturb their peace of mind, ultimately disturbing the organizational harmony of my workplace. My senior managers do not possess sufficient knowledge about how applications might work, and hence might be worried, if told the truth that all their fund is wasted for noting. However, owing to our efforts to implement the projects, it is likely that with the help of the funds, we would be able to complete the project within the given period of time. Hence, we are not deceiving the senior managers, ad stealing away their money, keeping them deluded. We are just responding to the call of the situation, and hence acted in a way that would be beneficial to maximum number of people. It should be remembered that Bentham and Mill have also stated that an action can be deemed to be right only if the action can produce maximum satisfaction for maximum number of people. Hence, if the truth is to be told, the senior managers as well as the other stakeholders might start anticipating about the future success of the project, and this might also lead to our termination of service as well (Ryan 2015). Hence, my action can be interpreted as an ethically just action, given that it ensured maximum satisfaction for the people involved. However, whatever the ethical implication be, the question still remains as to what should be done about the situation. Before taking any final step, it is important to take note of moral philosophy as stated by Tom Morris who said that one should treat others exactly the way they want to be treated (Silcox 2016). Accordingly, it is clear that I myself would never wish to be deceived, and told that all my money is wasted because of people lying to me. Hence, I will try my best to communicate the importance of finishing the project within the given time, to my project manager and my co-employees. In case it becomes difficult, we will shift to other technology, at our own expense, and thus I wish to complete the project within the time (Brown 2016). At the end of the ethical analysis, I would like to state that the only option other than the one stated above was to inform the senior managers. Since they might not understand how the technology was responsible for the delay, there was a high chance that I would have been misunderstood. Hence, it would always be best to keep silent for the time being, start working for the project in accordance with the predetermined results and complete it within the time being. This might imply huge pressure on me to complete the project, but it is the only feasible solution that can save me and the situation alike, without causing anyone trouble. Reference List: Berman, S., 2014. Prudence and morality: Socrates versus moral philosophers.South African Journal of Philosophy,33(4), pp.381-394. Brown, B., 2016. Configurations of the Ethical. Cooper, J.M., 2015. Ethical-Political Theory in Aristotle's Rhetoric. Gasper, D., 2016. Ethics of development. Hudson, N., 2016. Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed by Yong Huang (review).China Review International,21(1), pp.54-58. Kenny, A., 2016.The Aristotelian Ethics: A study of the relationship between the Eudemian and Nicomachean ethics of Aristotle. Oxford University Press. Kuo, J., 2014. Could Confucian morality in The Analects present a viable alternative for rulers to the subjective morality in Machiavellis The Prince?.Philosophy. Machiavelli, N., 2016.The Quotable Machiavelli. Princeton University Press. Ryan, A., 2015. 16. Utilitarianism and Bureaucracy: The Views of JS Mill. Silcox, M., 2016. Grossman, Morris. Art and Morality: Essays in the Spirit of George Santayana. Fordham University Press, 2014, xvi+ 315 pp., 3 bw illus., $85.00 cloth, $26.00 paper. Yu, J., 2013.The ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of virtue(Vol. 7). Routledge.

Stem Cells What How and Why Essay Example For Students

Stem Cells: What How and Why? Essay Stem Cells: What, How and Why?Stem cells are infinitely valuable when considering theirpotential applications in the medical profession. Whilecurrent legislative restrictions have halted the development ofnew ?stem cell lines? to any agency or company that receivesany form of governmental grants, there is no question that themedical profession is standing at the brink of a new era oftechnological advancements in healthcare and research. Stem cells are valuable due to the fact that they are?non-designated,? (have no specifically assigned task in thebody, i.e. liver cells, brain cells, skin cells, etc.) and theyalso have the ability to divide indefinitely. Thus,theoretically stem cells could replace any damaged or lostspecifically designated cells within the body.However, thisis just a brief mention of the potential applications of stemcell research, which will be discussed at a later point in thisessay. We will write a custom essay on Stem Cells: What How and Why? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Stem cells are categorized into three genres based upontheir potential developmental capability, total to limited. (NIH PRIMER http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm)Totipotent stem cells are stem cells whose potential istotal, thus totipotent. Totipotent stem cells are derived fromembryonic tissue and fertilized ovarian eggs. This type of stem cell is of particular importance toresearchers due to its ability to ?specialize intoextraembryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and allpostembryonic tissues and organs? (NIH Primer). However thesetype of cells are extremely difficult to come by and only occurin certain places at certain developmental times. Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells in which theirpotential is large but not total as in Totipotent stem cells. These cells lead to the development of many cells, but cannotderive certain types of fetal cells necessary for thedevelopment of a fetus as do Totipotent stem cells.Thesecells undergo further assigment into cells that are designed toderive specifically assigned cells. Pluripotent stem cells aresomewhat easier to come by comparatively speaking to totipotentstem cells. The final genre of stem cells is that of multipotent stemcells. These cells are more specialized than the other twocategories and thus are more restricted in their capability. Multipotent stem cells are derived from pluripotent stemcells.While pluripotent stem cells are least in theirpotential capability, they are however the easiest type of stemcell to acquire. Two methods of acquiring pluripotent stemscells have been born by two different men. The first method, developed by Dr. Thomson involves ?theisolation of pluripotent stem cells directly from the innercell mass of human embryos at the blastocyst stage. Dr. Thomson received embryos from IVF (InVitro Fertilization)clinics.?.Dr. Thomson isolated the inner cell mass andcultured these cells producing a pluripotent stem cell line.? (NIH Primer)The second method of deriving pluripotent stem cells wasdeveloped by Dr. Gearhart. In this more controversial method,Gearhart obtained stem cells from the fetal tissue ofterminated pregnancies. He took cells from areas of the fetusthat would soon develop into the reproductive organs of thefetus.He then isolated the inner cell mass and culturedthese cells. In was in this way that Dr. Gearhart produced apluripotent stem cell line which would be available to otherresearchers. What little we know about stem cells has already altered thecourse of medical research and new findings are sure to expandon this occurrence. The potential applications of stem cellresearch include advancements in the study of Parkinson?s,Alzheimer?s, spinal cord damage, stroke, burn victims andpatients in need of skin grafts, heart disease, diabetes andarthritis in addition to answering some of the many questionsregarding gene therapy. .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .postImageUrl , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:hover , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:visited , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:active { border:0!important; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:active , .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa7e84a03dde265bf58653d8c71f7b6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Life and Art of Paul Gauguin EssaySo what?s the problem? Well, the NIH (National Institutesof Health) issued a ?primer? to explain what exactly are stemcells and what is the debate. While this primer was my onlysource for this essay, it did neglect to discuss certaingovernmental issues, which revolve around the issue at hand. Most likely this can be attributed to the obvious, the NIH is agovernmental agency. This is a precise example of why theissue of stem cell research is being called into question. Offcourse, ethics is at the bottom of the debate,

Get A Quick And Simple Critical Approach Essay

Get A Quick And Simple Critical Approach EssayA Critical Approach essay must have four things: the fact of the matter, the bold statement, the judgment, and the consequence. The first part of this process can be done in as few as two sentences and it will help to give you a clear understanding of what to include on your critical essay. For example, a lawyer might include the statement, 'In most states, failure to pay your taxes is a misdemeanor. Therefore, for someone who fails to pay his or her taxes, paying the tax penalty may not be a solution.'This free sample critical approach essay can help you establish the outcome as well as the means by which the reader will arrive at their decision. This type of essay must contain arguments that lead them to arrive at the conclusion that tax evasion is a criminal offense and therefore should be punished.A free sample critical essay must also include a judgment. This is a statement that says something that, in their opinion, must be done. Th ere is no judgment that should be given here. The final sentence of the ftce sample critical approach essay must state the consequences.The ftce critical essay examples can be completed as essays, short stories, or even poems. They can be written in an introductory type of essay, the intermediate type of essay, or the conclusion type of essay. No matter how you write them, these essays should be personal and engaging. People who are working towards the same goal as you are should enjoy reading your essay.A free sample critical essay must have important facts included in the essay as well as the judgments of the reader. A critical essay must also contain the facts that lead to the judgment that this crime should be punished by the law.To help you become an effective writer on this type of essay, the free sample critical essay outlines that are available online can help you get started. You can also go to a school or college and look for instructors who teach this type of essay.Writin g a critical approach essay is not as easy as writing a standard essay. It requires you to be creative, learn to use your words, and prepare yourself mentally before you begin writing. It is very important that you do not overlook the importance of the fact and judgment when you are writing a critical essay.When you are ready to take on the ftce samples, use a strategy and approach that will help you write a compelling essay. Your essay is a reflection of your character and it should be one that the reader will be proud to read. If you do not succeed, keep trying, and if you find that you are unable to write the essay, you can always ask for help from your instructor or school counselor.

Foundations for physiotherapy practice The WritePass Journal

Foundations for physiotherapy practice Introduction Foundations for physiotherapy practice IntroductionConclusionReferencingRelated Introduction   This essay will explore the disease COPD and explain the systemic effects that the disease has on the body as a whole. Exercise is investigated in the essay and shows how it may change the quality of life of a patient and decrease certain symptoms of COPD; it will also explain the negative effects that inactivity may cause a patient with COPD. There is varies interventions used to make living with COPD more tolerable for patients. It talks about how exercise benefits the body by decreasing dyspnoea, how increasing the body’s muscle strength will relieve fatigue and decrease the respiratory demand. The affects of exercising on anxiety and depression are examined also. The physiotherapists role will be included detailing all the different techniques that they use for treatment including breathing control, airway clearance, inspiratory muscle training which helps with inspiratory endurance and strength and improving mobility. Finally the important of upper body and strength e xercises will be questioned as to how it helps with improving mobility and promoting rehabilitation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe somebody who suffers from both Chronic bronchitis (Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (the airways of the lungs) and emphysema (Emphysema is damage to the smaller airways and air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs). COPD is the term most preferred but you may also hear it called COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease) or COAD (chronic obstructive airway disease). Pulmonary means affecting the lungs. COPD causes a chronic (ongoing) cough with phlegm, is rare before the age of 35 and there is permanent damage to the airways. The narrowed airways are fixed, and so symptoms are chronic (persistent). Treatment to open up the airways is limited as a result. (patient.co.uk, 2010) As before COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is two disorders in one emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis affects the airways with inflammation narrowing the airway sometimes with phlegm. Chronic bronchitis is a mor e specific condition and it is defined by the amount of phlegm that a person has coughed up over a particular time frame. To be described as chronic bronchitis a person has to be coughing up phlegm every morning for at least 3 consecutive months within a period of at least two years. Chronic bronchitis is mostly caused by cigarette smoking it can also occur form environmental factors. Emphysema is the other disorder you must be diagnosed with to be diagnosed with COPD. Emphysema affects your alveoli which are the little sacs of air at the end of bronchiole in your lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. These are normally made from a very elastic tissue so that they can expand when air fills the lungs. In emphysema, large numbers of the alveoli have been destroyed and there is much less area where gaseous exchange can take place so although people can breathe in it cannot get into the bloodstream. (Miles and Roberts, 2005, PP.1-3) Another systemic effect of COPD is the effect on the musculoskeletal system because of the breathlessness which reduces your exercise capacity which has a knock on effect. When you don’t exercise it has adverse effects on your body muscle wastage and weakening means you may become breathless easier as you will have less muscle and/or strength to perform the same tasks and will require more effort and put more metabolic demand on your body compared to if you had stronger muscles. Muscle weakness whatever the cause has severe consequences, including exercise limitation, reduced quality of life, more of a demand for healthcare assistance and its resources and more severely reduced survival. Physical de-conditioning may lead to a marked decrease in a patient’s ability to cope with activities of daily living, finding even the simplest of tasks to be leaving them breathless, consequently leading to a decrease in quality of life and also decreased survival. It is apparent that systemic manifestations are typical in COPD. Granted, many patients demonstrate a gradual and significant weight loss that exacerbates the course and prognosis of disease. This weight loss is also accompanied by peripheral muscle dysfunction and weakness. (Decramer, M. Et al. 2005, PP. s3-s10) With COPD it is not just the physical effects that play a role in the disease there are neuropsychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety which are more common in people with COPD. Depression in people with COPD rises with an increase in hypoxemia, carbon dioxide levels or dyspnoea. Hypoxemia may be a substantial cause in the development of depression and anxiety in COPD due to brain injury; however oxygen therapy results in little or no improvement in the severity of the depression. Another cause of morbidity of depression and anxiety is negative self-perception and restrictions in behavioural functioning due to reduced physical capacity. (Armstrong 2010 PP. 132) Although the COPD patient population is proven to be more depressed than the general medical population, it is not more anxious, the levels of anxiety observed in the general medical or surgical population on the wards were very similar to those observed in the COPD population. Despite the similarities compared to the other wards the anxiety levels are still high compared to the population without any disease or disorder. (Light, R, W.et al. 1985, PP.35-38) COPD patients with psychiatric conditions spend twice as much time in hospital compared to those without depression and anxiety. It is also found that the quality of life of COPD patients can be impaired in all dimensions compared to those without depression and anxiety, high impact was seen both on walking around, mobility, sleep and rest. (MIKKELSEN, R, L. 2004, PP.65-70) Anxious patients tend to have quite significantly shorter pre-rehabilitation exercise capacity compared with non-anxious patients as do patients with increased depression compared with those who are not depressed. Patients following a pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD show a statistically significant fall in both anxiety and depression as they progress in their program, with no patients showing any increases in either depression or anxiety. Patients with higher star ting anxiety level show a significantly larger increase their exercise capacity than those who start off with lower anxiety levels. Exercise rehabilitation is shown to produce clear improvements in anxiety and depression and to some extent reduces the number of patients with high anxiety and depression compared to no intervention. So exercise benefits COPD suffers with anxiety and depression at least as much as do those with lower levels. (Nicholas, Rudkin, and White, 1999, PP. 362-365) COPD has effects on the cardiovascular system by increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to three-fold. Several different studies have shown that the function of endothelial in COPD is abnormal in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations. The means that underlie these abnormalities are also unclear. It is obvious that tobacco smoking is a shared risk factor for both COPD and cardiovascular disease. Although, it is possible that there are other factors which may quite substantially increase the cardiovascular risk of patients with COPD. With this in mind, many authors agree that the persistent, low-grade, systemic inflammation that occurs in COPD may contribute further to the pathobiology of these cardiovascular abnormalities in COPD. If true, this may have substantial therapeutic implications in the management of these patients because anti-inflammatory therapy would be beneficial not only for the chronic inflammatory process which their lungs are undergoing but also for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. (AgustÄ ±Ã‚ ´, 2005, 367-370.) It is shown that the leading causes of mortality in those with COPD are cardiovascular in nature. Cardiovascular causes are listed as the main cause of death in nearly 50% of the cases, Nevertheless, this data, suggest that a large proportion of patients with COPD die from cardiovascular complications.   (Sin and Man, 2005, p8-11) The impact on cardiovascular function in COPD is mainly due to the increased right ventricular afterload caused by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from the structural changes that take place in the pulmonary circulation with the disease One of the most beneficial treatments for COPD and its symptoms is exercise; exercise is proven to have a beneficial effect on your body compared to not exercising. By exercising you significantly increase your muscle strength and endurance. This means muscle dystrophy and atrophy are stopped and even reversed. You see a significant increase in endurance when you walk also as a result of exercising regularly and it also promotes increased efficiency of peripheral muscle oxygen extraction after muscle training, with less contribution from anaerobic (lactic acid) metabolism during exercise. (Clark, Cochrane, and Mackay, 1996, PP. 2590-2596) Aerobic capacity (VO2max) or maximum oxygen uptake is decreased with patients presenting with COPD, due to this the body starts to utilise the anaerobic energy system, this means that for walking the same distance as a normal person you will be utilising the phosphate and the lactic acid system which use less oxygen therefore your muscles fatigue easier. Lactate or metabolic threshold (VO2u) is known as exercise intensity with a sustained increase in blood lactate that cannot be prevented. Lactate threshold may be elevated by as much as 100% of its resting value by successful aerobic training in a normal subject. A de-conditioned individual there for has the potential for a significantly greater improvement in VO2max and VO2u with exercise training. When effective, this modality of physical reconditioning leads to improved functional exercise capacity and reduced breathlessness. Early implementation is desirable to obtain more meaningful responses. (COOPER, 2001, PP. S671-s679) Upper extremity exercise is also important for people who suffer from COPD as they are restricted in the amount of upper body exertion they can achieve even as much as to elevate their arm may cause dyspnoea and increased respiratory demands. It is shown that during unsupported arm exercise the respiratory muscles of the rib cage work actively help to maintain the posture of the upper torso and extended arms; due to this they decrease their roll in respiration in COPD patients. Therefore dyspnoea is worse with arm exercise than it is with leg exercise at the same total body oxygen consumption, suggesting that the load borne by the other inspiratory muscles must increase for the same level of increasing ventilation. (Grazzini, 2005, PP. 1403-1412) The increased demands even during a simple arm elevation may play a role in the development of the patient’s dyspnoea.   The limitation that occurs is a major problem that patients report when performing daily living activities involving the arms. It is important to apply an intervention of exercise training to try help. An upper extremity training regime for patients with COPD results in a reduction of ventilation requirements which will allow patients with COPD to perf orm sustained upper extremity activity with considerably less dyspnoea. A comprehensive pulmonary rehab programme that includes arm exercises, results in reduced metabolic and ventilator requirements for a simple arm lift. The addition of such training has been shown to improve upper extremity exercise endurances. Subjects who are in the early stages or whom are less severe may tolerate these increased loads without difficulty, whereas in severely obstructed patients with minimal reserve, increased ventilatory exertion and the associated recruitment of the diaphragm may contribute to increased dyspnoea. Although has some beneficial effects in this and most other studies to date, ventilatory capacity does not improve in terms of pulmonary function tests nor does fev or fev1. Additionally there is no cross over benefit to arm exercises or lower body exercises so it is important to incorporate both into a pulmonary rehabilitation for a patient with COPD to seek maximum benefit from the program. (Couser, Martinez and Celli, 1993, PP. 37-41) With COPD muscle wastage is quite common and 25% of all patients suffer from it. Muscle weakness and wastage also has adverse effects on fatigue. Leg fatigue for example limits patients with COPD in exercise. Normally the perception for muscle fatigue is higher in people with weak leg muscles than to those who are said to have strong legs. Patients with stronger muscles are said to have better exercise capacity this is true for people without COPD. Quadriceps strength has been found to have a significant effect on exercise capacity. So it is said that â€Å"leg fatigue is inversely proportional to leg muscle strength†. (Bourbeau, Nault, and Borycki, 2002, PP.190-191) Strength training is also appealing because it improves muscle strength and mass much better compared to aerobic training. In addition strength training causes less dyspnoea in the exercise period compared to aerobic training. Because of this it may be easier to tolerate for patients with severe cases of COPD. The re are different types of strength training can be used depending on the desired objective or the condition the patient is in. The different types are strength training where you are lifting between (90-100%) of one rep max (RM) this is using low repetitions with high weight which ameliorates strength, whereas when you use a lower weight and higher repetitions you work at a lower intensity for more reps which works on endurance. Moderate intensity work at (10-12) reps performed at 60-80% of one RM is ideal for patients with COPD as it fulfils the objective of building muscle strength and endurance while avoiding the likelihood of muscle injury which is common in high weight low repetition work. It is important to have your medication and a partner. This is important because, effectively, you may become disabled due to your breathlessness. (Bourbeau, Nault, and Borycki, 2002, PP.190-191) Physiotherapists address many of the symptoms of COPD like reducing the work of breathing, promoting clearance of the airways, improving mobility and promoting rehabilitation. Promoting successful management of these complex patients is in two parts: the accurate assessment of the patient to identify clear goals of treatment and team work, which underpins a thorough knowledge of the individual patient. (Mikelsons, 2008, PP. 2-7) There are three main techniques which may improve the efficiency of your breathing, pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and paced breathing. These three techniques encourage complete emptying of your lungs and slower, deeper breaths, which will improve the efficiency of your breathing and encourages control of your breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing involves encouraging patients to move the abdominal wall predominantly during inspiration with reduction of rib cage movement and inhale slowly and deeply, in order to improve chest wall movement and the distribution of ventilation, decrease the work of breathing and improve exercise capacity. By utilizing the main muscle of inspiration, the diaphragm, it encourages relaxation of smaller, less efficient respiratory muscles. Using the diaphragm allows more air to move into the lungs with each breath which makes each breath more efficient. Diaphragmatic breathing also decreases the work of breathing by reducing the use smaller, less efficient muscles of the neck and shoulders. (NYU Medical Centre 1997). Diaphragmatic breathing (DB) has been claimed, but not demonstrated, to correct abnormal chest wall motion, in turn decrease the work of breathing (WOB) and dyspnoea and improve ventilation distribution. (Vitacca et al., 1998) Pursed lip breathing is commonly used in COPD patients as it is thought to alleviate dyspnoea. (Spahija, de Marchie, and Grassino, 2005, PP. 640-650) PLB is done by breathing in through the nose and out through the mouth against a resistance created by pursing the lips, this helps to prevent airway collapse. PLB helps you exhale more completely because it slows your respiratory rate and helps to keep your airways open longer. It has been shown that by performing PLB during exertion can lead to a reduction in respiratory rate and increased recovery rate compared with spontaneous breathing PLB can be used just prior to and during activities that have made you short of breath in the past.. PLB during exertion may therefore be a useful addition to the breathless patient’s regime and may be taught as a strategy to reduce respiratory rate of patients with COPD. It is good to use PLB when walking on inclines, up stairs and during any exercise or exertion. Despite the exercises being effective in reducing respiratory rate and decreasing work of breathing it is of note that it has been shown that fatigue of the diaphragm may develop earlier when using slow, deep breathing, but no differences in dyspnoea or exercise tolerance were found.12 R. Garrod, K. Dallimore and J. Cook et al., An evaluation of the acute impact of pursed lips breathing on walking distance in nonspontaneous pursed lips breathing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Chronic Respir Dis 2 (2) (2005), pp. 67–72. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (12) Paced breathing involves coordinating your breathing pattern with the activity you are doing. For example, when walking on level surfaces breathe in for a count of 2 steps and out for a count of 4 steps. This will help regulate your breathing reducing anxiety and promote good relaxed and controlled breathing allowing you to continue with your activity. Physiotherapists prescribe Breathing exercises l ike Diaphragmatic breathing, breathing control and pursed lip breathing are to relieve breathlessness and promote relaxation. (NYU Medical Centre, 1997) Physiotherapists also teach a techniques called airway clearance techniques the most popular being called active cycle breathing technique (ACBT) which is used for acute exarberations of COPD during exercise. This technique is done by using an alternating depth of breathing to move phlegm from the small airways at the bottom of your lungs to the larger airways near the top where they can be cleared more easily with huffing/coughing in turn making it easier to breath by removing obstructions. ACBT is used by 88% of physiotherapists to treat acute exarberations of COPD. (Connolly and Yohannes 2007 pp. 110-113) Airway clearance techniques have a variety of different techniques such as the ACBT which has been explained, forced expiration technique (FET), and postural drainage (PD). PD is when the physiotherapist puts the patient in positions which make it easier to remove sputum because the cilia are damaged and cannot aid in its clearance of sputum. FET is used instead of coughing to re move sputum, it is found to be more effective than coughing. The main indicator for determining which of the techniques to use of any airway clearance technique is how much sputum they can clear while coughing independently. This will be a key indicator for a patient in the self-management of their disease and patients will be taught modifications of their airway clearance regime during an acute exacerbation by their physiotherapist. (Mikelsons, 2008 pgs 2-7) Physiotherapists may prescribe inspiratory muscle training (IMT) which has been used for co-ordination of respiratory muscles allows maximization of the use of abdominal muscles as inspiratory accessory muscles and has been proven to show benefits in exercise tolerance, Inspiratory muscle endurance and strength, breathlessness and improve quality of life. (Mikelsons, 2008 pgs 2-7) state that by including IMT in an exercise programme it has been shown to increase maximal inspiratory pressure, perception of breathlessness and health-related quality of life.50 R. Magadle, A.K. McConnell, M. Beckerman and P. Weiner, Inspiratory muscle training in pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD patients, Respir Med 101 (2007), pp. 1500–1505. Article | PDF (465 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (8) High-intensity IMT has also been shown to produce beneficial reductions in dyspnoea and fatigue in COPD patients. Usually a physiotherapist would prescribe training that would ta ke place over 6 to 9 weeks using   from 30 to 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure depending on the patient and how much they can manage, this differs from person to person. Another study by (Lotters et al., 2002 pp. 570-577) also had positive results and stated that IMT alone significantly improves inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, whereas the sensation of dyspnoea significantly decreases in patients with COPD. Although there are no significant additional effects of IMT on exercise performance IMT plus general exercise reconditioning has strong significant training effects on inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, especially in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness. In addition, a clinically significant decrease in dyspnoea sensation at rest and during exercise is also a result of IMT. Conclusion In conclusion there is an array of benefits of exercise training demonstrated in the essay which include, increase in exercise capacity, decrease in breathlessness, substantial changes in health related quality of life, decrease in anxiety, and improvements in depression. It has been shown that the inclusion of strength training is also necessary in the exercise prescription to help reduce fatigue; it has shown benefits in relief of respiratory demand in turn reducing dyspnoea. When evaluating anxiety and depression, there have been studies that show a higher rate of depression and anxiety in COPD patients than the general public. In comparison with the general medical population the rate of anxiety was not proven to be higher but much the same, although the level of depression in patients with COPD tended to be higher due to the disease having a reduced physical capacity and knowing that it will gradually get worse. Although by including a pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD, patients show a statistically significant fall in both anxiety and depression as they progress in their program, with no patients showing any increases in either depression or anxiety. The inclusion of IMT used by physiotherapists combined with an exercise program has been shown to significantly increase in inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory muscle endurance leading to the reduction of dyspnoea. Combining all of these techniques help in the management of COPD however it has to be said that although exercise improves certain symptoms of COPD, there still a null outcome when it comes to improvements in lung function (FEV1 or FEV). Referencing AgustÄ ±Ã‚ ´ A. G. N. (2005) Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American thoracic society, 2 (4), 367-370. Armstrong, C. L. Ed. (2010) Handbook of medical neuropsychology: applications of cognitive neuroscience. New York: Springer. Bourbeau, J. Nault, D. and Borycki, E. (2002) Comprehensive management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canada:   BC Decker Inc. Clark, C.J. Cochrane, L. and Mackay, E. (1996) Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD. European respiratory journal, 9 (12), 2590-2596 Connolly, M. J. and Yohannes A. M. (2007) A national survey: percussion, vibration, shaking and active cycle breathing techniques used in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiotherapy, 93 (2), 110-113. COOPER C. B. (2001) Exercise in chronic pulmonary disease: aerobic exercise prescription. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise.   33 (7), S671-s679. Couser, Jr. J. I. Martinez, F. J. and Celli, B. R. (1993) Pulmonary rehabilitation that includes arm exercise reduces metabolic and ventilatory requirements for simple arm elevation. CHEST, 103 (1), 37-41. Decramer, M. et al. (2005) Systemic effects of COPD. Respiratory medicine, 99 (2), S3-s10. Grazzini, M. (2005) Pathophysiology of exercise dyspnea in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory medicine, 99(11), 1403-1412. Light, R. W. et al. (1985) Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with COPD. Relationship to functional capacity. Chest, 87 (1), 35-38. Lotters, F. et al (2002), Effects of controlled inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis. European respiratory journal, 20 (3), 570-577. Miles, J. And Roberts, J. (2005) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1st ed London: Class publishing. Mikelsons, M. (2008), The role of physiotherapy in the management of COPD, COPD update: Respiratory medicine, 4(1), 2-7. MIKKELSEN, R. L. (2004) Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, A review. European respiratory society, 58 (1)65-70. Nicholas, J. Rudkin, S. T. and White, R. J. (1999) Anxiety and Depression in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 19 (6), 362-365. NYU Medical Center (1997) COPD AND EXERCISE   [ONLINE]. Available at; http://pfrc.med.nyu.edu/handouts/pdf/proced/copdexer.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2011] Patient.co.uk (2010) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [ONLINE]. Available at; patient.co.uk/health/Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.htm [Accessed 18 August 2011] Sin, D. D. and Paul Man S. F. (2005) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality. The American thoracic society, 2(1) 8-11. Spahija, J. de Marchie, M. and Grassino, A. (2005) Effects of Imposed Pursed-Lips Breathing on Respiratory Mechanics and Dyspnea at Rest and During Exercise in COPD. Chest,128 (2), 640-650. Vitacca, et al., (1998) Acute effects of deep diaphragmatic breathing in COPD patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. European respiratory journal, 11 (2), 408-415.

Scutellosaurus - Facts and Figures

Scutellosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Scutellosaurus (Greek for little shield lizard); pronounced SKOO-tell-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of southern North America Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200-195 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet long and 25 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long tail; bony studs on back About Scutellosaurus One of the persistent themes of evolution is that large, imposing creatures descend from small, mouselike progenitors. Although no one would think of comparing Scutellosaurus to a mouse (it weighed about 25 pounds, for instance, and was covered with bony spikes), this dinosaur was certainly rodent-sized compared to its multi-ton armored descendants of the late Cretaceous period, such as Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Although its hind limbs were longer than its forelimbs, paleontologists believe Scutellosaurus was ambidextrous, posture-wise: it probably stayed on all fours while eating, but was capable of breaking into a two-legged gait when escaping predators. Like other early dinosaurs, Scutellosaurus was anatomically very similar to the prosauropods and small theropods that roamed the earth during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods.

Regulatory Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Regulatory Theory - Essay Example In fact, before these far-reaching reforms, telecommunication service provision remained a monopoly of state corporations or in rare cases, was monopolized by private entities. Due to the fact that the provider of telecommunication services in most cases was the government, the regulation of this sector was never quite independent since, all the policy-making and regulatory powers lay with the government and its agencies (Welfens, 2010). Therefore, the management of telecommunication frequencies and the responsibility of operating networks were a preserve of the government of the day (Davidson et al., 1986). For many developed countries, this classical approach to ICT management was quite profitable for some time, given that the increased international tariffs for telecommunication services covered for the subsidized local tariffs. In addition, with the decreased telecommunication cost that resulted from technological advances, the classical approach to ICT operations did well for mo st developed countries (Welfens, 2010). Unfortunately for the developing and the underdeveloped countries and regions, the classical approach to ICT operation did not work well. The reason for this scenario being that these countries’ networks were somehow restricted to major cities and towns, implying that only the middle and high socioeconomic status citizens could access and utilise ICT services in these countries. While the low socioeconomic status citizen had to make do with poor quality telecommunication services and long waiting lists, the high-income end of the population were advantaged by the cross-subsidisation of ICT prices (Welfens, 2010). Regrettably, the classical approach to ICT regulation did not generate investment income for the developed and the developing countries alike. During the 1980s and the 1990s, the role of telecommunication in the economic growth of countries and the entire world became rather apparent, leading to the development of a number of r egulatory and competition polices, even though to a limited extent, in many countries (Koops et al., 2006). Besides, regulating competition, the regulatory and competition policies were expected to instill dynamism, innovativeness, augment availability, accessibility and increase ICT choices and lower tariffs for customers. The first effect of the wave of ICT reforms that peaked in the 1990s was the privatisation of telecommunication service operators. The second effect of the ICT regulatory policies was the introduction of new varieties of services such as mobile telephony and value-added services (Koops et al., 2006). This paper thus explores the need for the regulation of ICT, whether regulation works in the interests of the public and the implications of convergence and innovation on ICT regulation. The Importance of Regulation That the core role of regulation in any industry is to enable sustainability, growth and development is quite apparent and cannot be overemphasized. Ther efore, the information and communication technology sector, like the other sectors of an economy, requires a strong legal framework and regulatory mechanisms to function for the betterment of the public. A number of reasons have since been identified to underlie the need for the regulation of information communication and technology. Generally, ICT the need for ICT regulation arises from the recently observed structural changes in the communication industry. The transformation of the industry from a monopoly to a competitive one in many a country has particularly necessitated its stronger regulation (Baldwin et al., 2012). Therefore, the regulation of the ICT sector has been particularly important in the creation of an effective environment for fair competition that supports both

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Global warming - Essay Example (1). The term global warming does not merely connote to an increase in the temperature but also envisages an overall climatic change. Because of this change in temperature and climate, economy, human health, and the ecosystems can encounter drastic consequences. The main pollutant to atmosphere that contributes to global warming is carbon dioxide, which causes warming in atmosphere. Other pollutants such as fossil fuel, methane gas and green house gases also are act as warming agents. Unfortunately, human beings are the ones who cause this imbalance between life and earth and the consequences have already reached disastrous proportions. CO2 emitted from â€Å"power plants and vehicles† play a crucial role in increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (Wang & Chameides 36). Certain other human activities that entail degradation of wild life, â€Å"spread of homes and infrastructure† and sinking of costal land also adds pace to the process of global warming (Wang & Chameides 36). Global warming triggers killer heat waves, drought, forest pests, wildfires and contributes to rising sea level, shrinking snowpack, disappearance of glaciers, disintegrating polar ice, melting permafrost damage to coral reefs, shifting species rang es and yearly cycles and disease outbreaks (36). Besides, it also causes considerable harm to the ecosystem apart fro damaging agriculture and animal habitats. In addition, increase in atmospheric temperature may result in death of life forms, including human beings, due to the unbearable heat and drought. Wild fires can cause loss in â€Å"forestry, agriculture, and electric power sectors† (Wang & Chameides 36). High rates of evaporation may result in an increase in water vapor in air, which can cause heavy rainfall and flooding. Intense evaporation may also entail loss of moisture from soil and consequently droughts can occur (36). Evidence further points to the fact that over the course of 20th century, sea level has